Bidang Filsafat Ilmu (Pendidikan)
Berikut ini merupakan bentuk pertanyaan materi filsafat ilmu, filsafat ilmu pendidikan, menurut akademisi IPS universitas pendidikan Indonesia.
Bagian A:
- Perubahan yang harus dihadapi oleh masyarakat bangsa Indonesia dewasa ini sangat beragam dan kompleks. Kita berada dalam peralihan perdaban dari masyarakat pertanian ke masyarakat industri, kemajuan pesat di bidang ilmu dan teknologi, selain itu diterpa oleh tantangan modernisasi dan globalisasi.
a. Kondisi di atas menghidupkan isu-isu ketertinggalan, kemiskinan, dan kependudukan. Menurut anda, bagaimana pendidikan direncanakan untuk membangun kualitas peserta didik yang cerdas, tetapi tetap memiliki karekter nilai berbangsa, sehingga mereka merasa bangga sebagai anak Indonesia? Nilai-nilai dan kecerdasan apa saja yang perlu diraih peserta didik agar Indonesia tidak ketinggalan di tahun 2020?
b. Sebagai perancang pendidikan, filsafah dan filsafah pendidikan apa saja yang perlu dijadikan payung atau landasan berpijak? Cobalah elaborasi!
2. Pendidikan IPS di dalam persepsi siswa sering dipandang sebagai pelajaran tidak penting dibandingkan dengan Matematika, IPA. Atau bahasa Inggris. Hal ini didukung oleh fakta bahwa pelajaran IPS tidak masuk ujian Negara. Kondisi ini semakin merendahkan penilaian umum dan siswa terhadap pembelajaran IPS.
a. Buatlah rencana revitalisasi untuk pendidikan IPS, agar siswa merasa tertarik, dan merupakan pilihan pertama dalam tujuan pendidikan lanjutannya!
b. Apakah aspek epistemologis IPS sudah perlu dibelajarkan di jenjang persekolahan? Cobalah anda diskusikan baik dari segi positifnya atau segi negatifnya!
Bagian B:
Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial sebagai suatu kajian, berkarakter multidisipliner dan interdisipliner. Atas hakikat tersebut, anda dipersilahkan membahas persolan-persoalan berikut ini.
- Dewasa ini secara beruntun, wilayah Indonesia dilanda bencana, mulai dari letusan gunung merapi, gempa bumi, banjir, tanah longsor sampai cuaca ekstrim yang tidak menentu. Atas kenyataan fenomena yang demikian itu, anda dipersilahkan mengkaji persoalan di bawah ini.
a. Analisis dampak sosial, ekonomi, budaya dan psikologis dari fenomena alam tersebut di atas kepada para petani dan nelayan di Indonesia saat ini.
b. Perilaku-perilaku sosial, ekonomi, budaya dan psikologi masyarakat Indonesia, terutama di kota-kota besar terhadap terjadinya bencana tersebut.
2. Berdasarkan hasil sensus penduduk terakhir, pertumbuhan populasi penduduk Indonesia, wajib diwaspadai. Atas dasar kenyataan tersebut, anda dimohon membahas persoalan dampak kesenjangan (ketidakseimbangan) antara pertumbuhan polulasi penduduk dengan daya dukung ruang pada aspek-aspek kehidupan sosial, ekonomi, budaya, psikologis dan kebijakan publik. Mohon juga anda petakan problematika tersebut.
Materi bahasan ’filsafat’ semacam itu merupakan temuan atau cara baru dan akan disosialisasikan lebih intensif pada tahun 2020 dan seterusnya. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas merupakan pertanyaan pada soal ujian komprehensi strata tiga bidang ’filsafat’ ilmu. Para pengkaji filsafat kiranya tak perlu merasa aneh karena memang tidak ada yang aneh dan biasa-biasa saja. Justeru ini yang paling sesuai dengan keunikannya. Selamat berfilsafat.
THE FIVE KEY EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES
William Bagely - Essentialism
Essentialism. Educators of the essentialism approach teach the basic skills of math, natural science, history, foreign language (ex. Latin & Greek), and literature. The teacher is responsible for installing moral values that will help the student on the road to becoming an ideal citizen. The students are taught factual information and are not offered any vocational training. The classroom setting is very rigid and disciplined. Students are rated academically by testing. Both the teacher and the administrators decide what is best for the student. This creates an atmosphere where students do not expand their minds creatively.
Rene Guenon - Perennialism
Perennialism. In Perennialism the belief was that you taught “everlasting” information to the students. The main idea was to stimulate thought provoking discussions from different topics presented to the student. As in essentialism the teacher is the center of the instruction. The educator was responsible for teaching principals not facts. Their goal was to open the students mind to scientific reasoning, and that factual information may be proven false. A major difference between the two philosophies is in perinnialism the student input is important. Using this approach helps the individual thinker in each student blossom.
John Dewey - Progressivism
Progressivism. This is the first philosophical approach that takes into consideration the three learning types (auditory, visual and kinesthetic learners) of students. In a progressive approach classroom you will see thought provoking games, books, manipulative objects, experimentation and social interaction between the students. This approach also uses field trips outside of the classroom for educational purposes. Progressive philosophy isn’t center around the main goal of educating students for adulthood. Instead this approach was meant to enrich the educational growth process.
Existentialism. An existentialism school didn’t enforce formal education. Instead it nurtured the creativity, and individuality of the student. It was felt that in time a student would mature by themselves, and decide what direction was suitable to pursue. In an existentialist school children would be given a variety of subjects to choose from. Vocational courses were to teach the student about themselves, and not to prepare them for a future occupation. The student pursued the subject of their choice, learning method, and worked at their own pace. They received one-on-one guidance from their teacher. Existentialism was an independent study program rather than a traditional class.
Behaviorism (Bayla Maya). According to behaviorism we can teach our students by reprogramming them. It is possible to change students’ behavior by reconditioning them. This may be done by taking the negative stimuli away from the student. In time the student learns to control the behavior. The behaviorism approach also states that the student can be condition to learn or perform anything taught to them. This can be done by using rewards for an appropriate response. Both of these methods can be effective when used over a long period of time.
Ivan Illich - Reconstructivism
Reconstructionism (Josh Byrom). Reconstructionism centers instruction around how one can improve society. For instance, a teacher may instruct their students on The Lottery and then assign something to have students see how they can improve social injustices. The goal of a Reconstructionist is to educate their students on how they can improve society for future generations.
